HND Business Human resource management - 5390 Words

Difference between Human Resources and Personnel management (1.1) Personnel Management Personnel Management is essentially an administrative record-keeping function, at the ground level. Personnel Management professionally manages employee’s activities for individual departments for example in Bhs you will have a personal manger for customer services. It is assumed that the outcomes from providing justice and achieving efficiency in the management of personnel activities will result ultimately in achieving organizational success. Human Resource Development – Human resource management is concerned with the Training, promotion development and implementation of people strategies, which are incorporated with business†¦show more content†¦Communication Restricted flow Increased flow 20. Job Design Division of Labour Teamwork AC1.2 The Role of Human Resource Management in Organizations Managers in the Human Resources profession have the essential job of organizing people so that they can effectively perform their job description. Human resources professionals work together to develop employees skills. For example, HR professionals advise managers and supervisors how to assign employees to different roles in the organization, thereby helping the organization adapt successfully to its environment. In a flexible organization, employees are shifted around to different business functions based on business priorities and employee preferences. Human resources professionals also suggest strategies for increasing employee commitment to the organization. This begins with using the recruiting process or matching employees with the right positions according to their qualifications. Human resources management team helps a business develop a competitive advantage, which involves building the ability of the company so it can offer a unique set of goods or services to its customers. They can do this by hiring the right individuals but it’s not just about hiring talent; it is about keeping people and helping them grow and stay committed over the long term. The Human resources team has to identify needs of the employees regarding career goals and workShow MoreRelatedHnd Subject in Nvq 51376 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- HND in Business Awarding Body: Edexcel Level: Qcf Level-5 Course Description This course is designed to equip students with the knowledge, understanding and skills required for success in current and future employment or for progression to an undergraduate degree. It aims to provide an educational foundation for a range of administrative and management careers in business, specialised studies directly relevant to individual vocations and professionsRead MoreCareer Management : Skills And Skills1482 Words   |  6 PagesHow I’m doing Action Career management skills Taking on management course to enhance and develop my management/leadership capacities and skills. I have picked the field of studies I need to build up my career in as an establishment and I have additionally embraced self-managed learning exercises in business. So far I have successfully passed my management units during my HNC and HND course. 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Then finally, addressing and analysing a real life case study and relating it to the theories learned. PART A-REPORT AND ACTION PLAN: 1.1 (P1) Management theories are an assortment of ideas and rules which aims to present how a business or organization should be managed. ThereforeRead MoreEssay about Tourism and Tourist Destinations1176 Words   |  5 PagesHND Hospitality Management | Unit number and title | Unit 9: Tourist Destinations | Qualification | HND Hospitality Management | Start date | | Deadline | | Assessor | | | | LO1 Understand the scope of key UK and worldwide tourist destinationsLO2 Understand the cultural, social and physical features of tourist destinationsLO3 Understand how the characteristics of destinations affect theirappeal to touristsLO4 Understand issues likely to affect the popularity of tourist destinationsRead MoreHuman Resource Management For Service Industries1675 Words   |  7 PagesLondon College UCK BTEC HND Diploma in Human Resource Management for Service Industries HNHM 109/ HNTT 118:Human Resource Management for Service Industries Analyze the role and purpose of human resource management in a selected service industry. Justify a human resources plan based on an analysis of supply and demand for a selected service industry business Submitted by: Name: Mary Ann Streling Read MoreFree Essay3489 Words   |  14 Pagesbegan from the simple work is keep something for the people whose possession to avoid losing it. On the contrary, the customer must pay money for that service. When this works take the benefits for all of people (keeper and sender). Gradually, the human send the various things such as money, gold†¦ Nowadays, Vietnam is still developing country and the government is always support, improve, develop economy system. 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Film Analysis Beautiful Me - 1152 Words

Laquasha Nettles English 101 Prof. Manley December 8, 2016 â€Å"Beautiful Me† We live in a society where the media control us by using television, the Internet, radio, magazines, and even celebrities to shaped our views on what is considered beautiful. By creating advertisements with unrealistic images of beauty and use of plastic surgery, cosmetics, photoshop, and name brand items the media purposely targets our youth. Selling its idealisms to teenagers and young adults who struggle with low self-esteem, low self- confidence, and depression thus taking advantage of his or her weakness as a sole purpose to increase profits. The media is constantly sending us conveying messages that if you don’t have this and don’t look like this or act like that no one will accept you. The media trying to normalize reprehensible standards and have us aiming for fanciful perfection. Not all of us look like Barbie or Ken, not all of us live in a big mansion or drive an expensive car (although I would like to), and not all of us live in l uxury like others who has that opportunity. For these things, don’t define the value of our self-worth. Most of us tried to fit into society s deception of beauty instead I believe we should spend more time getting to know ourselves. For generation after generation women would do anything to be considered or told that she is beautiful. Women who are different ages, color, shapes, and sizes are not meant to be the same. However, the way advertisement promotesShow MoreRelatedArticle Analysis : Killing Us Softly1423 Words   |  6 PagesKilling Us Softly, a short film produced by Cambridge Documentary Films, graphically and effectively depicts the harm caused by modern day media and advertisements. 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Business Relation in Japan-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: You are to prepare a formal analytical essay of strictly no more than 1500 words on Japanese business etiquette and steps that Emily can use to make a favourable first impression when she visits Japan to meet with Mr. Hamasaki. Answer: Introduction In contemporary world, there are several codes of conduct and behavioral patterns which are accepted to be appropriate. These conventions are even more important in the social and professional domains of the individuals and are often collectively known as Etiquette. Having its origin from the French term tiquette, which means label, the word in broad sense refers to maintenance of an overall decent behavior in the social and professional domains[1]. This is especially important in the professional sphere as the etiquette of an individual in his workplace, have immense implications (positive as well as negative) on the career and professional progress of the individual. This is mainly because people have a tendency to judge the credibility and professional attitudes of individuals by observing various attributes of the same, of which etiquette is one of the primary ones[2]. Considering this, the essay tries to analyze the etiquettes prevailing in general in Japan, taking into account the countries rich cultural and social patterns. The essay also tries to highlight the aspects in this regard, which may be observed and incorporated by the foreign entrepreneurs, who are trying to venture in the markets of Japan. To study the same, the essay takes into account the case of Emily, who being an Australian and owning The Aromatic Condiment Shop, flies to Japan to meet a Japanese potential client, with the objective of expanding her business. The essay also tries to highlight the code of conduct, which she can incorporate to create a positive impression on her potential Japanese client[3]. Japan: Economy and Culture Japan, has over the years emerged as one of the global economic giant in the contemporary international scenario and is currently the fourth largest of the economies in the world, with the per capita GNP of the country being more than $45,000. The country has achieved immense success in technological aspects and with years the country has emerged as one of the most lucrative economies for the investors, both domestic as well as international, to venture and expand their businesses[4]. However, despite of progressing hugely in the economic and industrial aspects, Japan is also known for their immensely deep-rooted cultural heritage, which have been maintained and preserved through generations. Japanese people diligently preserve and practice the strict etiquettes and behavioral pattern, in their social as well as professional domain[5]. Keeping this in consideration, if Emily wants to venture in the markets of Japan, to expand her business prospects, then in order to be successful in her endeavor, Emily needs to emphasize on incorporation of the professional etiquettes of the country. This may help her create a positive impression in the first meeting with Mr. Hamasaki, who is a senior single Japanese businessperson and the store manager of the popular Japanese store with which Emily wants to collaborate. Professional Etiquettes in Japan Professional etiquettes though may apparently appear to be trivial or insignificant, holds immense significance in creating professional impressions about a person in Japan, especially when the person is a Non-Asian and it is his or her first meeting with a Japanese. This is because there are huge cross-cultural differences and variations in professional etiquettes in these two regions, which may affect the business deals indirectly. The aspects in this regard, which have to be emphasized upon are as follows: First impression- The first impression of a person, in any kind of communication, is of utmost importance as it does the work of image building of a person, if not at least the last. Moreover, in Japan, this is of utmost importance as Japan has a strict framework of etiquettes especially in formal communications. In Japan, while addressing people, usage of Mr. or Mrs. is absolutely mandatory which has to be followed by surnames. It is not recommended to use first names to address someone in very first meeting. Meishi or business cards and the ways in which they are given and received play significant role in initiation business communications[6]. Conversations- The most significant part of a meeting in Japan, where etiquettes are of utmost importance, are the conversations. In Japan, silence is preferred over loud talks as Japanese people treats silence and composed behavior as a sign of intelligence, wisdom and self-control. This aspect of behavior in Japan is strikingly different than those in the Non-Asian countries, where being outgoing in the professional domain is treated as a sign of smartness. Japanese people also respect individual privacy to such an extent that they also have the right to remove their names from phone books according to their will. Thus, Emily should also be careful to refrain from asking personal questions to Mr. Hamasaki as this may be treated as a rude gesture on her part. Etiquettes with aged person- Japanese people link age with wisdom and seniority and thus, in Japan, an aged person is shown more respect and his words are heard more sincerely than the younger people are. Emily has to keep this in mind, while meeting Mr. Hamasaki and she needs to greet him cordially and treat him with utmost respect. The business card should also be offered to him first before offering to the younger people[7]. Exchange of token of appreciations or gifts- Japan has an age-old tradition of exchanging gifts, especially in the first meeting, which they also maintain in their professional domain. This symbolizes acceptance and helps in building up of professional rapport. However, while gifting anything to Mr. Hamasaki, few things should be avoided, which includes potted plants, white flowers (as they symbolizes death) or four or nines set of any commodity (as these numbers are deemed to be unlucky in Japanese culture)[8]. Community Feeling- One of the most unique and impressive features in the culture of Japan is the feeling of solidarity and their preference of community welfare over individual betterment. Japans age-old culture and history have taught them to work together and achieve collective goals of maximizing social welfare as a whole. This is even reflected in their professional etiquettes as they prefer team recognition and appreciation to individual accolades and practice the former in their business etiquettes. Business Proposal Approach- Japanese people prefer the persuasive and gentle business approach highly over direct approach, unlike the Non-Asian countries. Keeping this in mind, Emily should focus on the virtue of her business and the quality of the products she proposes to sell. Her products being mainly condiments, she should highlight the absence of preservatives in them and the usage of organic materials only, as Japanese people tend to value the virtues and welfare aspects of business immensely. She can also use supplements of her products as they may prove to be beneficial in building up professional relationships. She should also give time to her potential clients to take decisions, as Japanese people tend to avoid rushing into decisions[9]. Dress Code- One of the primary aspects of business etiquettes in Japan is the maintenance of proper dress code. For this purpose, it may be beneficial for Emily to choose conservative and formal attires over accessory loaded flashy colors. In Japan, high heels are not appreciated as they make females look taller than their male colleagues do. Emily can also try a kimono, the traditional dress in the country, as that can be seen as a warm gesture on her part[10]. Dining- Professional dining in Japan is an area of strict etiquettes. If invited to a dinner, Emily should preferably accept the same as rejection signifies rudeness. O-shibori (wet towel) offered has to be used only for wiping hands and while using chopsticks, proper etiquettes should also be maintained and after eating, those should be kept back in the envelopes or holders. Emily can even offer to pour drink for Mr. Hamasaki first. Cultural Miscommunication: Hofestedes Framework The cultural miscommunications between Japan and Non-Asian countries (Australia in this case), which can be faced by Emily in building up business relations can be explained with the help of the Hofestedes Framework: Masculinity versus Femininity- The culture of Japan is highly inclined to masculinity as the same is treated to be similar to success and galore. The culture of Australia is however gender unbiased in this dimension. Individualism versus Collectivism- Japan ranks high in collectivism as discussed above while Australians focus more on individual achievements, thereby ranking high in individualism[11]. Large and Small Power Distance- The power distance in Japan is pretty high as there exists a predominant hierarchical structure in the country unlike that of Australia, where the power distance is small[12]. Indulgence versus Restraint- Japanese people tends to respect restraint more than indulgence, which in turn is more common in the culture of Australia. Conclusion As is evident from the above discussion, for building successful business relation in Japan, Emily needs to put considerable emphasis on the professional etiquettes that are practiced in the country. Maintaining a calm, polite and restrained attitude and showing ample respect to Mr. Hamasaki, along with incorporation of Japanese professional and behavioral etiquettes can help Emily in making an extremely positive impression on her client, which may help her in the long run, in expanding her business possibilities in Japan, which may contribute in success of her future endeavors. References Aismar.net,Excuse Us, Your Manners Are Missing! The Role Of Business Etiquette In TodayS Era Of Cross- Cultural Communication(2017) Aismar.net https://www.aismar.net/UploadLinkPageimages/TBRV2N1June2014.pdf#page=27 Americanexpress.com,Doing Business In Japan: 10 Etiquette Rules You Should Know(2017) OPEN Forum https://www.americanexpress.com/us/small-business/openforum/articles/doing-business-in-japan-10-etiquette-rules-you-should-know/ Baylor-ir.tdl.org,Employee-Employer Relations In Japan: An Analysis Of Honor-Shame And Authority-Power Relations Within The Modern Japanese Workplace(2017) Baylor-ir.tdl.org https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/8888/Cole_Short_HonorsThesis.pdf?sequence=1 Books.google.co.in,Business Communication Today(2017) Google Books https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=_xAwDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP2dq=business+etiquetteots=7qdQ97hPTvsig=hDkB42uHImG3Zle3rWRspTALuKo#v=onepageq=business%20etiquettef=false Brage.bibsys.no,Hofstede Revisited: Is Making The Ecological Fallacy When Using HofstedeS Instrument On Individual Behavior Really Unavoidable?(2017) Brage.bibsys.no https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/93582/Grenness_IJBM_2012.pdf?sequence=1 Japan-guide.com,Japanese Table Manners(2017) Japan-guide.com https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2005.html Rep.polessu.by,EXCHANGING BUSINESS CARDS AS A MAIN ELEMENT OF BUSINESS MEETING(2017) Rep.polessu.by https://rep.polessu.by/bitstream/123456789/2603/1/91.pdf S3.amazonaws.com,A Critique Of HofstedeS Fifth National Culture Dimension(2017) S3.amazonaws.com https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/2536994/Fang__2003___A_Critique_of_Hofstede__IJCCM_2003.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1511243657Signature=%2BaPIdx5Q5NSr%2Bh47BsSwSXC95nA%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DFang_2003_._A_critique_of_Hofstede_s_fif.pdf S3.amazonaws.com,Formal Forms Or Verbal Strategies? Politeness Theory And Japanese Business Etiquette Training(2017) S3.amazonaws.com https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/38475420/Dunn2011.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1511236201Signature=fHn8neC0HpTmnCGJvmnhTyFyQfU%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DFormal_Forms_or_Verbal_Strategies_Polite.pdf Scholarworks.uni.edu,Speaking Politely, Kindly, And Beautifully: Ideologies Of Politeness In Japanese Business Etiquette Training(2017) Scholarworks.uni.edu https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000context=sac_facpub Unpan1.un.org,Cities And Growth: Theory And Evidence From France And Japan(2017) Unpan1.un.org https://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN014315.pdf Venturejapan.com,Secrets Of Japanese Business Etiquette Venture Japan(2017) Doing business in Japan https://www.venturejapan.com/business-in-japan/doing-business-in-japan/secrets-of-japanese-business-etiquette Books.google.co.in,Business Communication Today(2017) Google Books https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=_xAwDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP2dq=business+etiquetteots=7qdQ97hPTvsig=hDkB42uHImG3Zle3rWRspTALuKo#v=onepageq=business%20etiquettef=false. Aismar.net,Excuse Us, Your Manners Are Missing! The Role Of Business Etiquette In TodayS Era Of Cross- Cultural Communication(2017) Aismar.net https://www.aismar.net/UploadLinkPageimages/TBRV2N1June2014.pdf#page=27. S3.amazonaws.com,Formal Forms Or Verbal Strategies? Politeness Theory And Japanese Business Etiquette Training(2017) S3.amazonaws.com https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/38475420/Dunn2011.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1511236201Signature=fHn8neC0HpTmnCGJvmnhTyFyQfU%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DFormal_Forms_or_Verbal_Strategies_Polite.pdf Unpan1.un.org,Cities And Growth: Theory And Evidence From France And Japan(2017) Unpan1.un.org https://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN014315.pdf Scholarworks.uni.edu,Speaking Politely, Kindly, And Beautifully: Ideologies Of Politeness In Japanese Business Etiquette Training(2017) Scholarworks.uni.edu https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000context=sac_facpub. Rep.polessu.by,EXCHANGING BUSINESS CARDS AS A MAIN ELEMENT OF BUSINESS MEETING(2017) Rep.polessu.by https://rep.polessu.by/bitstream/123456789/2603/1/91.pdf. Baylor-ir.tdl.org,Employee-Employer Relations In Japan: An Analysis Of Honor-Shame And Authority-Power Relations Within The Modern Japanese Workplace(2017) Baylor-ir.tdl.org https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/8888/Cole_Short_HonorsThesis.pdf?sequence=1. Americanexpress.com,Doing Business In Japan: 10 Etiquette Rules You Should Know(2017) OPEN Forum https://www.americanexpress.com/us/small-business/openforum/articles/doing-business-in-japan-10-etiquette-rules-you-should-know/. Venturejapan.com,Secrets Of Japanese Business Etiquette Venture Japan(2017) Doing business in Japan https://www.venturejapan.com/business-in-japan/doing-business-in-japan/secrets-of-japanese-business-etiquette/. Japan-guide.com,Japanese Table Manners(2017) Japan-guide.com https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2005.html. Brage.bibsys.no,Hofstede Revisited: Is Making The Ecological Fallacy When Using HofstedeS Instrument On Individual Behavior Really Unavoidable?(2017) Brage.bibsys.no https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/93582/Grenness_IJBM_2012.pdf?sequence=1. S3.amazonaws.com,A Critique Of HofstedeS Fifth National Culture Dimension(2017) S3.amazonaws.com https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/2536994/Fang__2003___A_Critique_of_Hofstede__IJCCM_2003.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1511243657Signature=%2BaPIdx5Q5NSr%2Bh47BsSwSXC95nA%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DFang_2003_._A_critique_of_Hofstede_s_fif.pdf.

Market Structures in the Australian Economy- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMarket Structures in the Australian Economy. Answer: Introduction The diversity of the Australian economy is eminently presented in terms of the existing market structures. In the modern day, there are scores of firms that have characteristics of monopoly, duopoly, oligopoly and the monopolistic competition. Beforehand, understanding of the manner in which market structures have been set up in the Australian economy calls for a vital exploration of their existence. So first of all monopoly indicates a market structure that is averse with few a dominant producer who makes all decisions involving the goods and services in the economy. A monopolist is therefore able to make profits both in the long and short run. The service industry in Australia is particularly rife with the presence of monopoly particularly the telecommunication and the banking industries where there are only four dominant firms that control a large proportion of the market. When relatively smaller firms exhibit a huge market dominance visibly indicated by the presence of tough restrictions for the entry and exit of firms in the market then that implies oligopoly. A common distinct feature that oligopolistic firms have is the presence of a kinked demand curve which is indicative of a common price system for the overall achievement of a greater output. On the other hand, monopolistic competition is augmented by the basis of many firms which have differentiated products in terms of sorting, offering after sales services and branding (Leigh Triggs, 2017). In this market structure, there a lot of emphasis on advertising in order to capture a bigger market share. While these market structures are generally important for increasing competition in the industry which ensures that consumers are able to get a better quality and service delivery, it has also raised concern from the government as well as consumer protection societies. This has raised their eyebrows because most of the firms that accentuate these market structures are particularly taking an advantage of their strong market presence to exploit innocent customers. Furthermore, the governments concern is centered on the market alliances which are apparently jeopardizing quality as well as the stability in the market. In the long run, it will likely cause chaos and eventually weaken the economy. Market Structure: Economic Analysis This type of market structure is developed in terms of providing room for only a number of firms which have control in the market. Distinctly, products generally exhibit a high degree of differentiation. This implies that there is a sense of the ability of the firms to establish an edge over others due to a higher chance for collusion agreements (Simshauser, and Whish-Wilson, 2017). In this case, firms will often team up to restructure into a very bigger firm. This then have a bigger market share than the rest of them. Despite this eventuality having a stronger sense of monopoly, it also signifies the oligopolistic competition due to the presence of a lot of these firms even in the event that collusion has taken place (Kitney White, 2013). Within the same scheme, it pays homage to the duopoly. Duopoly is primarily an offshoot of an oligopolistic structure. It is based on a similar structure of its parent structure however much duopoly only has two firms that have a dominant presence in the market. Essentially, there presence is motivated more by the need to compete for a greater output. It therefore means that a decision that is made by one firm has bigger influence on the rest of them and likely to result into a series of similar decisions. This will then have a bigger impact on the manner that the products will be sold in the market as a result. The rest of the firms will follow this move hence making a general impact on the demand and supply of goods and services in the market. The concept of elasticity is well accentuated in this market structure on the producers more than it is felt by the consumers. Key producers in Dulux, Brigdestone and Dunlop have put in mechanisms such that a move by one of them will result into a sequences of the same across the market which eventually affects the demand and supply of the tyres in the industry. The aforementioned firms are chiefly similar by the manner in which they deal with the same products. A key feature is that the aggregate supply and the aggregate demand are established by the undertaking an intensive advertising initiative. This may include a tailor-made branding meant to ignite consumer interest. A monopolist on his/her part is able to ensure a blanket control of the market through determination of prices. That means, maximization of the output can be achieved both in the short and long run. Nonetheless, three key aspects have to remain in play in the quest for such output maximization. They include the Marginal Cost (MC), Marginal Revenue (MR) and the Average Revenue (AR). For output to be maximized, these three have to remain central in the market. For instance, the Average Revenue is represented as the market demand. The relationship of the quantity demanded and the Marginal Revenue is established by the value attached to the MR. for instance, a positive MR shows that there is an increasing revenue with an increase in the quantity demanded while a negative MR alludes to a decreasing revenue with a decreasing quantity demanded. Firms will usually show their intent to produce maximum output in a point where the MR curve equals the MR curve. At this point, Revenue is taken as the function of Output (Daepali, 2016). Monopolistic competition is particularly different of the all the market structures owing to its similar but differentiated products which comes in the form of sorting and branding. The presence of similarity through products that are sold in the market, means that firms engage in scores of activities that such advertising to get an edge in the market. The concept of elasticity plays a key role in creating this competitive edge through sensitivity of products in the market as expressed by consumers (Kollmorgen, 2015). In this regard, consumers will often opt for cheaper products, those that are advertised more as well. The diversity of the Australian economy is particularly reflected in its market share of monopolies. Comparing the top three Australian sectors with the US firms reveals extensively different statistics. The United States has 10%, 26% and 31% in the Liquor industry, Commercial banking and Supermarkets respectively. On the other hand, the Australian economy has 78%, 94% and 91% respectively. The conclusion is that the Australian economy has a very strong monopoly presence than the US economy. A major concern by the Australian government due to the presence of this is that monopolistic competition is likely to forge an increment in the market returns on capital while the downside is that it could also stifle economic growth. Monopolies particularly are deterrent to diversification as well and killing competition. Conclusion In essence, the rife presence of diverse market structures in the Australian market in terms of the monopolies, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and duopolies may not be concluded as a cause of a rise in the inequalities but plays a bigger role. Averting this calls for radical policy implementation. In other words, anti-competitive behavior and consumer rip-offs must be removed in the market. Furthermore, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission must have a bigger budgetary allocation so that it proceeds with investigations of conduct by unscrupulous business people in a bid to have all them out of the system. It is only through this that healthy competition can be spearheaded. References Kitney, D., White, A. (2013). We are an oligopoly economy: Robb. Australian Business Review. Retrieved from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/we-are-an-oligopoly-economy-robb/news-story/606fcf2f0e789689d39fd40f19b8a1e9 Daepali, P. (2015). Monopoly in a Perfectly Competitive Market. Retrieved from: https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/monopoly/monopoly-in-a-perfectly-competitive-market-with-diagram/16454 Kollmorgen, A. (2016). Squeezing out the competition. Market share Australia. https://www.choice.com.au/shopping/everyday-shopping/supermarkets/articles/market-concentration Simshauser, P. and Whish-Wilson, P. (2017). Price discrimination in Australia's retail electricity markets: An analysis of Victoria Southeast Queensland.Energy Economics,62, pp. 92-103. Leigh, A., Triggs, A. (2017). It's Time To Put Markets Ahead Of Monopolies, Huffington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/andrew-leigh/its-time-to-put-markets-ahead-of-monopolies/

Counseling

Introduction Counseling generally refers to the provision of assistance or guidance that eventually helps solve personal, social or mental problems. A professional individual normally administers it. It normally takes a number of forms including individual counseling, group counseling, and couples counseling.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individual counseling goal is to help one make better decisions, improve one’s relationship with others, and generally help one to understand oneself in order to be able to make healthy changes. Group counseling, on the other hand, helps one to be able to understand his/her feelings and change behavioral problems with the support of others (Fernald, 2008). Those partners who generally want to improve their intimate relationship normally use couple counseling, on the other hand. Counseling may be beneficial in a number of ways. It can make one have a better understanding of things that help in getting new skills to manage themselves better. Through the help of the counselor, individual can respond to problems in different perspective. Sharing of thoughts can particularly be helpful in changing one’s life, and that is what counseling is all about. There are important aspects of counseling that make its usage effective. One of these aspects is confidentiality; his means that a counselor is by ethics required to treat all the information that a client shares as confidential material (Skinner, 1974). Another important aspect is the counseling process; this depends on the individual counselor and client and the urgency of the issue in question. However, the general process to be followed include: collecting of background information, identifying key issues, case development, setting goals for therapy, implementation of intervention and evaluation. Theory of Counseling Theories of counseling vary and mos tly depend on the views of different writers. The ones reviewed include client centered, holistic health, learned optimism, cognitive behavioral, solution focused and existential.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In client centered counseling, the client is motivated to discover things and develop as a result of the guidance and climate that the counselor provides. In this type of counseling, the common features include active listening, acceptance, truthfulness and empathy. Holistic health, on the other hand, stresses the importance of physical well being, emotional, social, vocational and spiritual needs. If these are ignored then an individuals will easily succumb to stress, which can affect their well-being. There is a type of counseling practice that allows for interaction between the client and the counselor. This method allows them to discuss the success that occurred in the pa st and those occurring in the present. This form of counseling is referred to as learned optimism counseling. This also allows them to address the problems that should be anticipated in the present and the future. It involves having a positive mind and normally directs individual on focusing how things can turn out to be. Cognitive behavioral therapy also referred to as the ABC method, can be described as any form of therapy that is based on the belief in ones thought and that normally is directly connected to the way one feels. In this type of scenario, there is normally what is referred to as the activating event where the client draws his/her interpretations. The individual then beliefs in the ideas. This normally leads to different consequences concerning the outcome of the event. Thus, this form of therapy helps clients identify distorted thinking that causes emotional problem and help solve them. Solution focused therapy normally focuses on the outcomes, this is to mean that t he primary goal is focused towards achieving what the client wants through use of therapy rather than the cause that made them seek therapy. This kind of approach focuses on the present and future, and the client is normally advised to focus on the future and how it has changed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The existential approach is simply based on the presence of individual in a therapy session and the reason as to why they are there in the first place. This means that if a client knows the reason why he/she is in therapy then it will enable them to face the challenges that come along swiftly. Counseling psychology Counseling and psychology are interrelated; the use of psychological principles to overcome different problems is facilitated through counseling. Therefore, counseling psychology is a specialty that brings together research and applied work to achieve broad areas. These areas include the counseling process and its outcome, supervision and training, development of career, prevention and health issues. Some unique features of counseling psychology include the focus on people, environment interaction and impact personalities. Psychologists get to the answers to the behaviors of people through counseling. Psychologist are normally interested in finding answers through counseling process and outcomes, in which through the process they get to ask questions and the outcome will determine whether the process was effective and successful. In this process, the psychologist uses certain techniques. These include client variables and cultural variables. Therapist variables and mechanism of change are also included. Therapist variables include the traits of a counselor, theoretical orientation and behavior. Research on effectiveness of therapy models has found that following particular models of therapy can be helpful or have a positive impac t (George, 2003). Client variables, on the other hand, include certain things such as attitude to seek help and attachment style (Gazzaniga, 2010). This has been very useful in counseling. Stigma from mental illness motivates people to accept the fact that they have problems and make them seek help. Self-stigma is a condition that affects the individual’s perspective towards counseling and this causes such an individual to require intervention. This is also related to public stigma. Attachment style, on the other hand, can be viewed in different ways. Those clients with avoidant styles are known to think that counseling will give them minimal benefit and thus are less likely to seek help (Gazzaniga, 2010). However, securely attached ones react differently.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They perceive counseling to be greatly beneficial. These kinds of individuals seek such professional help. Anxious attachment is said to perceive a lot of importance as well as risks to counseling, thus, providing education about expectations of counseling can change clients attitude tremendously. Counseling relationship as referred in counseling psychology refers to the feeling in which a client and a therapist have towards each other and the way which they are expressed in. This kind of relationship may fall in three categories: counter transference, working alliance and personal relationship. Secure base hypothesis is a theory concerning the function of counseling and is normally related to attachment theory; this enables the client to have a reference point. The counseling psychologists use different approaches. They incorporate things such as cultural variables in the counseling practices. They relate such aspects with the processes and results arrived at during counseling. Rec ent studies show that black clients are at risk of racial discrimination from white counselors. Thus, it is advised that counselors get help and expertise for working with clients of different race, gender, and other oppressed populations (Gazzaniga, 2010). Counseling outcomes normally looks at different symptoms such as the specific disorders and behavior changes. Positive outcomes like quality of life form a basis of life-satisfaction measure report. According to Gazzaniga, research has shown that the counseling process and outcome use various research methods to answer different counseling questions (2010). There are various quantitative methods used. One of them includes the conducting of correlation studies. This is applied in the counseling course and during clinical trials. They also apply during the actual process of counseling and the studies on the processes in counseling and the outcomes. On the other hand, qualitative methods involve conducting, translating, and coding t herapy sessions. In practical terms, we see that â€Å"psychology and counseling explore concepts such as emotion, personality and interpersonal relationships† (Gazzaniga, 2010). It, thus, can relate to different kind of setting in a population like community mental health setting and in-patient clients on drug abuse. In community mental health setting, there are different individuals that suffer from all sorts of mental breakdown illnesses. Counseling helps in making them understand the core reason behind their mental breakdown and possibly help them deal with the fears that relate to it, the end results normally depends on the attitude of patients and their response to therapy during these counseling sessions. Different setting, thus, has different counseling approach and depends also on the technicality of the given situation, client variables normally helps a lot during some session. An in-patient on drug abuse, for example, may not derive a lot of benefit from counseling if he does not accept that he/she has a problem, the problem has had a significant effect in his/her life and finally the problem can be fixed. It is important to note, therefore, that counseling can only work where a client is willing to participate, normally psychology can be used to gain this will. Counseling in essence is the profession that is highly dependent on the need of clients, and their personality. A counselor’s approach towards different sessions is unique based on the attitude of individual and their response towards certain questions. In other occasions, counselors influence decision making in individuals. This way, they influence the kind of decisions the clients make. Some of their decisions may change their lives completely. Values in counseling Values in counseling introduce us to the various theoretical perspectives of psychology that can be used in counseling. There are various theoretical perspective in psychology and are commonly referred to as paradi gms. They include behavioral, biological, cognitive, humanistic, social, Freudian, and developmental. Focusing on developmental perspective, its information processing, developmental approaches as a discipline bring us to the approaches that can be applied in counseling. There are three basic approaches currently under debate. They include information processing, life span development, and developmental approaches. My approach under investigation was based on the concept of irrational beliefs, concepts of feelings and behavior. The counselors may incorporate therapy in the session and combine it with behavior. This way, the councilor personalizes the therapy session. How individual feels and reacts to such feelings is the first step in knowing that something is not right, and that can further lead to reasoning and, thus, the decision that motivates them to seek counseling. With these considerations, counseling appears as a link between the individual’s way of thinking and his /her behavior. Certain feelings like sadness and anxiety results lead to the desire for a response that is characterized in behavior socially or privately (George, 2003). Behavior is normally motivated to result in a change in the human mind. When ones response is based on false emotions then negative and possibly harmful results will be achieved. Negative behavior may sometime be the reason that individual or groups in a therapy session realize the need for change. The counselor, thus, needs to be prepared to be able to give proper guidance, and be in a position to detect emotions or behavior patterns that exhibit in individuals or a group. This may lead towards finding out what actually the problem is with particular individual or a group, or may enable proper interpretation of events that led to therapy. When a counselor discovers the behavior in an individual is no longer functioning, it may be a good indicator for assessing the things that the individual now believes in and, th us, emotional health can be regained through removing the negative thoughts and distortions and trying to give them emotional and personality balance. Behavioral response as a perspective in counseling can provide a significant impact to the change process of an individual or a group. The use of behavioral perspective in counseling can lead to a better client counselor relationship, in the sense that personal traits are necessary to establish a good therapeutic relationship with the client can be manifested (Leichsenring Leibing, 2003). Normally, clients who decide to go for counseling have different problem they are aware of but need the help of a therapist to be able to identify the core reason as to why they cannot solve it. Counseling can show that initial stages of client-counselor relationship can be a bit difficult but as the clients’ emotions and behavior exhibit themselves, the counselor will gain insight that will enable him/her understand the client more and, thus , improve their relationship. It is, thus, very important that the counselor identifies both behavioral traits, the negative ones that will enhance the counselor to concentrate and work on them with the client, so that he/she can understand the problems the client is facing. The positive ones which help in improving the client self esteem in the time when he/she seem to be having a mental break down that is related to the problem he/she is facing. Exploring this perspective enhances the buildup of a therapy case before and in the course of counseling. The individual most often have no knowledge of the kind of issues that need to be addressed if he/she goes to counseling but he/she knows that something is not right in the environment he lives or that he/she has a problem that need to be addressed. The counselor needs to know and differentiate the kind of feeling that a client shows at the initial stages of counseling, like feelings of resentment and possibly anger may exhibit itself directly with behavior and that this is genuine. In later stages of counseling and as the counselor and the client relationship is built up, the counselor may uncover the thought that leads to the disruptive behavior and feelings. It is the counselor’s role in this perspective to identify and respond to them so as to restore an individual functional system. Counseling is meant to consider the entire characteristic that an individual exhibit when he/she enters counseling, a counselor through knowledge of these traits like behavior and feeling will be challenged to uncover the client’s beliefs that are the cause of their actions. This will form the basis of an integrative individual counseling, which shows that individuals are motivated by their thoughts, emotions and behavior. The kind of behavior that an individual exhibits during counseling session will either work positively for the client or not, if a client exhibits behavior aimed at changing the painful experience s and helps him towards working on his/her feelings like anger, then this will be of great significance in making this individual a healthy and positive person. In essence, counseling will have made the individual understand and appreciate the reward that he/she achieved because of counseling. There are different approaches employed in counseling (psychology). They differ in terms of therapy and the basic concepts. One of them is the behavioral perspective. This is comparable to the rest but also differs in various aspects. Comparing the cognitive and behavioral perspective, we see the difference in perspective of solving problem as one is focused on the present belief systems to psychoanalytic theory while the other is based purely on reality of what is happening (Leichsenring Leibing, 2003). The Freudian perspective works towards changing individual’s personality and character through using the childhood experiences. Cognitive and behavioral perspectives do normally produc e change in a group or individual in a short period. Theoretical perspectives differ in scope and applicability. Some can be used to solve crime cases as well as real life dilemmas. There are different theories and approaches that can be integrated together with this perspectives to enhance counselors get a broader view and insight in understanding clients and, thus, create a conducive and harmonious environment for counseling that will enhance the counseling process to achieve results faster and also enable the client realize the effect that counseling had on their life. Conclusion Counseling as this research has shown is quite a broad and diverse subject; it shares most subject matters especially concerning psychology as a discipline in terms of emotion, behavior, personality, attention and perception. Counseling normally provides an opportunity for individuals to express themselves where no one seems to agree with what they have to say; this is the basis and direction in which mo st individuals dysfunctional problems are solved today. Counseling has had tremendous results over the past in solving cases and, as expert, counseling psychology is one of the most effective tools in handling mental break down; the results of its usage in the modern world have become very effective over the years. The study of counseling and in broad terms psychology have also been criticized by different philosophers of science; some saying it is a soft science lacking the real concept and effectiveness like mature science such as physics and chemistry. Some say that it is not objective. They argue that the phenomenon used by psychologists like personality and emotion cannot be measured directly, and that they are often subjective in nature. The important thing to note is that its usage in real life situation has proven to be very successful. References Fernald, L.D. (2008). Psychology: Six perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Gazzaniga, M. (2010). Psychological Sci ence. New York: Norton Company. George, A.M. (2003). The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (3), 120-125. Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E. (2003). The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160 (7), 1223–33. Skinner, B.F. (1974). About Behaviorism. New York: Random House. This essay on Counseling was written and submitted by user Tenebrous to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Truth! essays

The Truth! essays Christopher Columbus, the villain who sailed the ocean blue in 1492. Columbus was a villain because of his cruelty, his lies, and greed. He was very cruel to the Native Americans. He lied to his own people. His greed for gold caused destruction of many lives. Columbus was villain because he was nothing but cruel to the natives of the New World. He enslaved Indians making them work under harsh conditions, such as wiping them and starving them, causing millions of natives lives by suicide or sickness. He took advantage of the natives generosity to him by taking more then his share of gold and food from them and giving nothing in return. As you can see he was very cruel to the Native Americans. Columbuss was a villain because of his lies to his own people. He lied to the King and Queen of Spain that he was in Asia, and that there was a lot of gold and spices. He also lied to his men and the highnesses saying that he was the first to spot land. When it really was one of his crew men on the dock who spotted land first. Because of his lies to his people proves even more that he is a villain. Columbus was a villain because of his greed for money. He shipped thousands of African Americas across seas to become slaves that work on sugar and tobacco plantations so that he would get massive amounts of money. He killed not only many natives, but he also killed many of the Europeans because they were mining for gold. His greed for money caused many lives not exactly what the definition of a hero is to me. Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492, taking three ships and a faithful crew. Columbus was a villain because of his cruelty, his lies, and greed. Although I love missing a day of school for Columbus Day; I dont like that the day is in honor of a man who has done nothing but lie, be cruel, and want money. It is important for the myths to be put to rest that Columbus was an honorable man, ...

Organisation law case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisation law case study - Research Paper Example This clearly indicates the intention of Yana and Su to promote their own company’s interests rather than the interests of Free Spirit Pty Ltd. Yana Yana is an executive director of the company. To determine whether she had fulfilled the obligations as a director, prescribed by the provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 and the common law, the following issues have been taken up for discussion. The Corporations Act 2001 requires directors to exercise due care and diligence during the discharge of their duties towards the company. This has been specified under Section 180 of this Act. Such due care entails protecting the interests of creditors and the interests of the shareholders when the company is expecting to become insolvent. This was held in the Credit Lyonnais case (Keay & Zhang, 2008, p. 142). The duties of company’s directors are specified under Sections 180 to 184 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Muscillo, 2009). Section 180 of this act protects directors who take decisions in good faith and for a proper purpose or when they reasonably believe that their decision will further the best interests of the company (Tesarsch and Tiller, 2010). It is incumbent upon directors to act solely for the bona fide purposes of a company. This was the gist of the ruling in Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Ltd (1974). A director is liable if he relies on the information provided by others and as a result fails to notice mismanagement in the conduct of company affairs. Whenever there is an attempt to embark upon a very risky venture, directors of the company are required to be sufficiently circumspect. This was the ruling in Daniels v Anderson (1995). As such, in Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Macdonald (2009), the Supreme Court of New South Wales had to determine if a breach of duty toward their company had been committed by the officers and company directors of James Hardie Industries Ltd. In particular it was to be ascertained whether the duty o f care and diligence stipulated in Section 180(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 had been breached due to the provision of a defective media statement to the Australian Securities Exchange regarding the ability of the company to meet certain future liabilities (Hargovan, 2009, p. 986).The Supreme Court ruled that these directors and officers of the company had breached their duty of care. In addition, the court also held the company in breach of its statutory obligations under the continuous disclosure provisions. A director has to comply with the requirements of the business judgement rule in order to obtain protection under Section 180 (2). As Yana had acted in a manner that was detrimental to the interests of the company, she cannot resort to such defence. She had purchased sports equipment at a higher price from her own company, and this clearly indicates the absence of loyalty and due care on the part of Yana. She has decided to expand the business of the company, Free Spirit Pty Ltd, to Alaska without assessing the legal and financial aspects of the company in that area in the future. Yana has breached the duties of good faith and due diligence, as per the provisions of the Corporations Act. She cannot evade liability for violation of the provisions of fiduciary duties of directors under the Corporations Act and common law. As per the decided case law, she is liable for breach of fiduciary duties, due care and diligence. Su Su is the finance director of the company Free Spirit Pty Lt

National Environmental Policy Act Research Paper

National Environmental Policy Act - Research Paper Example The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was first passed in 1969, and it is one of the first laws ever written which establishes an encompassing national framework in the protection of the environment. It basically seeks to ensure that all agencies of the government give adequate consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any significant federal action which may affect the environment. This paper shall identity the most significant challenges facing the United States and/or the international community in resolving, identifying and/or dealing with this policy or issue or both. It shall identify and explain two different perspectives that contribute our understanding of the select issues. This paper shall define this issue/policy supported by research and analyses. Discussion There are various challenges which the United States and the international community are facing in relation to environmental policies and issues. When the Industrial Revolution hit its stride, the Earth’s climate and environment started undergoing changes; these changes were mostly seen in the agricultural and industrial practices (Berkeley University, 2004). Due to the increase in population and fossil fuel use seen through burning, toxic emissions, vehicle emissions, and deforestation, various gases have been introduced into our air which are harmful to living things, including human life. These gases are introduced into the atmosphere mostly as a result of human activity, activities which produce high levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (greenhouse gases or GHGs). These are heavy gases and do not interact well with our ozone layer. As a result, our ozone layer is being slowly depleted (Berkeley University, 2004). This is unfortunate because the ozone layer shields us from the ultraviolet rays of the sun. These greenhouse gases also cause the greenhouse effect where these gases trap the heat in the atmosphere and cause higher earth temperature levels , otherwise known as global warming. The US environmental issues largely stem from its energy use. The US remains to be the largest energy consumer in the world and also the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide (Berkeley University, 2004). Motor vehicles are the main sources of carbon emissions in the US and in recent years, shifts of use from cars to larger vehicles have assisted in reducing carbon emissions. In 2001, the US consumed about 24% of the world’s main energy consumption. The US released about 1,883 million metric tons of carbon in 2001, and this is credited for 24% of the world’s carbon-related emissions (Berkeley University, 2004). In 2003, the US Department of Energy set forth its Climate Vision program which was meant to assist the President in reducing greenhouse gas intensity from 2002 to 2012. This policy included different federal agencies coordinating with industrial leaders to minimize GHG emissions during the time period set. Bush als o states that a $1.2 billion hydrogen fuel plan was aimed at establishing technologies which would produce, store and distribute hydrogen as a fuel during transport (Berkeley University, 2004). The FreedomCAR (Cooperative Automotive Research) was also launched in an attempt to establish hydrogen fuel cell technology and advanced automotive technologies, including hydrogen-powered fuel cell cars. The US energy consumption will likely increase in the coming years and as a

Information Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Information Management - Essay Example As the paper declares safety of the patient has become paramount, and it has become very necessary for hospitals to streamline the volume of health information regarding a patient so as to present it in a manner that is efficient for the doctor to carry out an effective diagnosis. To develop an ideal information management, health software would require the integration of data’s ranging from blood reports, CT scans, surgical reports, inputs from nurses, social workers, medicine companies, insurance companies and other administrative data. Improving the information management and its flow from so many different sources would also lead to considerable increase in efficiency for the health care sector and also effectively help in controlling costs and minimize errors. According to the research findings while the IT industry with its portability and efficiency has made rapid entry into other sectors like airline, finance and banking, its foray into the health care sector has been comparatively limited. Part of the reason is that health care organizations are a bit reluctant to invest money in technology to streamline information. An ideal information management should successfully integrate project management, IT management and change management. Electronic patient record as the name suggests is a complete record of a patient’s medical history, the treatments undergone, medications taken, specific kind of allergies if any, details of immunization and other laboratory reports.

Renewable Energy Sources In Malaysia

Renewable Energy Sources In Malaysia Today, energy challenge turned out to be a grave threat to sustainable development in developing countries since their energy needs is increasing more quickly than advanced countries. On the other side, fossil fuel combustion cannot maintain longer in the foreseeable future because of the environmental impact and the reduction of resources. Malaysia is experiencing dramatic growth of population and the economy and need to search for options energy sources in support of its inhabitants and business energy needs. Fourth-largest energy source in the world is biomass and was rich in the countries. Malaysia blessed with the tropical forests and moist climate all the year round which is a wonderful opportunity for full exploitation of agricultural and tropical rain forests possible. Term of waste-to-wealth has been started at the end of 1990, and it has become common. This idea is based on undesirable waste that is converted into useful energy while minimizing waste generation and to increase the economic-impact used primarily for cooking, for heating and electricity. Presently, coordinated attempts and different biomass energy plans are persuaded by the government for growth, commercialization and demonstration. This studys purpose to this present state and perspectives of the biomass use and strategy promoted to the future development of Malaysia. Keywords: Renewable Energy biomass potential Policy Sustainable Malaysia Introduction Malaysia covers a landmass of 329,847 square kilometers which consist of two regions; Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo which are separated by the South China Sea [1]. With its population growth of 1.7% 1.6% per annum [2], Malaysia is heading to its governments vision to become a humane industrialized country by year 2020 and with such ambitious vision, the growth of Science and Technology is continuously developing hence contributing to increase need of energy [3]. Malaysia relies on non-renewable energy and is currently venturing into renewable energy. There are a number of identified renewable energy sources ; for example solar power, hydro power, oil palm biomass and waste materials [4] which are being used and further studies are being conducted to improve its quality and performance. The usage of renewable energy has contributed to reduced pollutions to the environment, cost saving cheaper source of energy [5], and does not reduce the natural sources [6]. As a developing country, Malaysias population continues to grow and live increasingly energy dependent lives the future of energy supply is growing. This paper is revised the present potentials of energy resources especially biomass and then the future contributions to the national energy generation in Malaysia. Information Analysis Energy crisis is becoming a serious threat to sustainability mainly in developing countries and communities of the last decades. Between 1990 and 2000, the Asia Pacifics developing countries met 27% increase in conventional energy consumption whereas the consumption of world energy was 11% [7]. Growing in the energy demand is predicted to continue in the future. Fossil fuels have been the main source of energy since first sparks of technology appeared in mankind lives, however, depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as significant environmental impacts, leads the governments and authorities to focus on renewable energy resources. In most recent years, demand for petroleum-derived fuels is increasing as a result of grow in population and economy [8]. The contemporary Malaysian economy is a net energy exporter with 11% of export income in 2004 derived from crude oil, LNG and petroleum products [9]. The final energy demand of Malaysia is expected to grow at 2.9% per year, reaching 69.39 MTOEÂ  [1]Â   in 2020, nearly double the 2002 level. The industry sector will have the highest growth rate of energy demand at 3.38%, followed by transport at 2.74%, residential at 1.86% and commercial at 1.14%, as shown in Fig.1 [10]. Fig.1. Predictions of Malaysian energy demand by sector (1980-2020) [11] Energy position in Malaysia Malaysia produces and utilizes both conventional and renewable sources of energy. The largest conventional energy resource found in Malaysia is petroleum (i.e. oil and gas). According to the Oil Gas Journal (OGJ), Malaysia held proven oil reserves of 4 billion barrels as of January 2010, and its oil reserves are reported to be the third highest in the Asia-Pacific region. Malaysia was the worlds tenth largest holder of natural gas reserves in 2010 and the second largest exporter of liquefied natural gas after Qatar in 2009. OGJ states that Malaysia held 83 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2010. Coal deposits can also be found in Malaysia. However, only a small percentage is being mined [12]. Malaysia is a significant oil and natural gas producer and is strategically located amid important routes for the seaborne energy trade. Malaysias oil reserves are the third highest in the Asia-Pacific region after China and India. Fig.2. The electric power generated by different sectors in Malaysia (in 2009) (Source: trading economics) [13] It is evident that Malaysia is still very much dependent on fossil fuels in all its commercial energy demand and electricity generation (Table 2). Table2. Percentage of electricity generation based on fuel types [14] Year Coal (%) Petroleum (%) Gas (%) Hydro (%) 1994 9.30 22.30 51.70 16.70 2000 15.00 5.00 70.00 10.00 2010 18.00 2.00 50.00 30.00 2020 29.00 1.00 40.00 30.00 The most important sources supplies were crude oil and petroleum products and then followed by the natural gas. It can be stated that the total supply of energy is increased gradually from 1978 to 2013 (Fig.3). In 2013, the percentage of crude oil and petroleum products descending to under 10 % but the percentage of natural gas is ascending to just over 62 %. Although crude oil and petroleum had contributed the largest percentage of total amount supply, an increase in the usage of coal and coke had reduced the annual growth rate of oil supply. The contribution of the other sources whereas had remained the same. The cost effective, quality, reliability, and security supply need to be considered to produce optimal energy mix from domestic sources. The international market price of crude oil is projected to remain high so that alternative approaches need to be make to reduce the dependency on petroleum products. Fig.3. Fuel mix trend in power generation in Malaysia [15] Renewable energy resources The most important sources of renewable energy in Malaysia are biomass and solar and sustainable use of energy has been emphasized in the countrys development plans and supported by Government initiatives. Under the 10th Malaysia Plan, the Government will be introducing the feed-in tariff (FiT) of 1% to be incorporated into the electricity tariffs of consumers to support the development of renewable energy (Fig.4). 330 MW Biomass Biogas Mini-hydro Solar PV Solid Waste 100 MW 290 MW 65 MW 200 MW 41.5 23 X 2015 2009 5.5 % % of total electricity generated Planned increase in renewable energy capacity Fig.4. Moving towards renewable energy replaces the need for fossil-fuel power plants [16] Solar power The RE sector is fast gaining ground as a new growth area for many countries with the potential it presents environmentally and economically. It plays a major role in meeting energy needs, making it possible for businesses to reap energy cost savings while combating global warming. Currently, Malaysia is world the third largest producer of solar cells after China and Germany (Fig.5). Malaysia already has companies across the entire value chain, from silicon production to solar cell manufacturing and module assembly. With the committed amount of fund for the rolling out of the first FiT incentive for 2012 2014, Malaysia is on the right direction to achieve a targeted revenue of at least RM70 billion from the private sector by 2020. Fig.5. Predicted solar manufacturing from 2006 to 2020 by different regions [17] Predicted to be a clean energy of the future, solar energy has been at the forefront of power development in the developed countries and a possible source of energy for developing countries similar to Malaysia. This paper introduces Malaysias solar energy or solar photovoltaic development prospects. The study was carried out by first searching in the countrys energy policy linked to solar power. Key players in solar power development as government organizations are presented. Initial solar energy programs and key projects entitled Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) and the successful initiatives will be submitted. Measures that adopted by the government of Malaysia include appealing incentives to promote solar photovoltaic development, solar energy potentials of the country, foreign investment and the future direction and the feed-in tariff plan will be submitted with a length provide a wide range of solar power development in Malaysia. The prospects were positive and the country was actively promoting solar as alternative energy sources and aware of the benefits it bring for economy development in future [18]. Hydropower Hydropower is the only renewable energy technology that is presently commercially viable on a large scale. It has four major advantages, namely it is renewable, it produces negligible amounts of greenhouse gases, it is the least costly way of storing large amounts of electricity, and it can easily adjust the amount of electricity produced to the amount demanded by consumers. Hydropower accounts for about 17% of global generation capacity and about 20% of the energy produced each year [19]. Malaysia has a total land mass of 332,000 km2 and its mean elevation is about 300m. The average rainfall is slightly more than 2,600mm per year. The total gross hydro potential is 414,000 GWh/year, of which about 85,000 GWh/year is available in Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, whilst Peninsular Malaysia has 39% of the land area, its share of hydropower resources is only slightly more than 20% [20]. Tenaga Nasional Berhad operates three hydroelectric schemes in the peninsular with an installed generating capacity of 1,911 megawatts (MW). They are the Sungai Perak (1249 MW), Terengganu (400 MW) and Cameron Highlands (262 MW) hydroelectric schemes with 21 dams in operation. A number of Independent Power Producers also own and operate several small hydro plants. At present, hydro power is the only renewable energy source in Malaysia that is considered to be economically viable on a large scale. As for future hydro development in Peninsular Malaysia, several projects have been identified and studied at feasibility and pre-feasibility levels. These potential projects have to compete with alternative energy sources such as coal and gas in terms of economic viability. Wind The potential for wind energy generation in Malaysia depend on the availability of wind resource that varies with location. Understanding the site specific nature of wind is a crucial step in planning wind energy project. Detailed knowledge of wind on site is needed to estimate the performance of wind energy project. Average wind speeds are low in Malaysia and harnessing wind energy is only practical on remote islands or east coast states of peninsular Malaysia where the wind may reach 30 knots or more during periods of strong surges of cold air from the north. 30 knots is equivalent to about 15.4 m/s, which is about 55 km/h. However, application of wind energy at Malaysia can be used widely if the turbine can operate in country average wind speed which is 3-5 m/s. There was some study [21] done successfully to produce the electricity that suitable with wind condition of Malaysia, classified as low wind speed wind turbine. The northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak region also potential to application of wind energy due to strength wind that reach 20 knot or more [22]. Due to maximum wind can be obtained during monsoon season which is between Octobers to March, the hybrid system of wind energy is feasible to compliment electricity supply during monsoon season. The first wind farm in Malaysia was set up on Terumbu Layang-Layang Island, Sabah. A Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia study in 2005 has shown that the use of 150 kW turbine on the island has shown a good degree of success [23]. This study mentioned that Terumbu Layang-Layang Island has the largest wind energy potential compared to other places in Malaysia. Tidal energy is also promising renewable energy source available in Malaysia. Until recently, a preliminary study was carried out to explore the potential of ocean energy for electricity generation in Malaysia [24]. Study by Ref. [25], identified that Pulau Jambangan, Kota Belud and Sibu are the locations with great potential for tidal energy extraction. The total amount of electricity that can be generated on those locations is about 14.5 GWh/year. Biomass Nowadays, biomass is regarded as one of the primary sources of energy in the developing and developed countries. Malaysia with a large quantity of biomass waste as a source of power generation is considered as one of the possible countries in this area [26]. Oil palm is one of the main economic plants in the large number of countries. Malaysia alone generates about 47% of the global palm-oil supplies and can be regarded as the worlds leading manufacturer and exporter of oil palm. Malaysia also produces great quantities the oil palm biomass as oil coconut stems, oil palm leaves, blank product bundles, shells and fibres as waste from palm-oil product harvesting and oil extraction treatment. At now there is a constantly growing interest in the use the oil palm biomass of the source of cleaner energy. One of the main interests is hydrogen fuel from oil palm biomass. Hydrogen from biomass is clean and effective source of energy and is expected to make a major role in the future energy needs because of the raw material availability [27]. There are different types of thermo-chemical processing to convert the oil palm biomass to hydrogen wealthy petrol. Fig. 6 shows the cultivated area for oil palm in Malaysia (divided into three categories, i.e. Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) within 34 years. The total oil palm planted area in the country increased by 4.5% to 4.69 million ha in 2009 [28]. In Sabah and Sarawak, the drastic increase in the 1990s can be attributed to the government policy in the intensification of palm oil industries in East Malaysia [29]. Malaysia produces about 15 million metric tonnes of palm oil per year. One tonne produces about 414 kg of biodiesel. With a caloric value of about 40,000 kJ/kg, this results in a total energy supply of about 7.8 GW/year from palm oil. Cultivated areas for oil palm in Malaysia.jpg Fig.6. Cultivated areas for oil palm in Malaysia, 1975-2009 [22] While the total energy available from residues and landfill gas has been estimated as 3.1 GW [30]. Major agriculture crop in Malaysia are oil palm (43.67%), rubber (30.56%), rice (12.68%), cocoa (6.75%) and coconut (6.34%). These provide Malaysia huge of biomass resources. In fact, government of Malaysia has announced the 5th Fuel Policy that states To supplement the conventional supply of energy, new sources such as renewable energy will be encouraged and biomass resources such as oil palm and wood waste as well as rice husks, will be used on a wider basis mainly for electricity generation [31]. Currently, residue from agriculture crops like paddy, rubber and sugar are use as fuel for generation of electricity in Malaysia using the cogeneration system. However, the percentage of using this residue for electricity generation is still low. Biomass residues are the main source of energy input to the mills using cogeneration system. It has been estimated the total biomass energy potential is equivalent to 2-3% of total power production in the country [32]. Report from [33], about 14 mills already used agriculture waste for energy demand, both for steam and electricity wit h total capacity amount 1567.2 MW. The increasing amount of paddy production make highly potential in CHP technology to convert the paddy husk residue for energy purpose. Around 20% of paddy is husk, rice husk in turn contains 16-22% ash, and 90-96% of the ash is composed of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2). According to [34], by 2020 Malaysia will produce 768,290 tonnes of rice husk. As refer to [35], 1.5 kg of rice husk can generate 1 kWh, this mean by 2020 Malaysia can produce 512 TWh using rice husk residue. Some example of cogeneration project based on rice husk installed in Pendang Kedah Darulaman, which uses a steam boiler, 6.5 tonnes/h, 30 bar, saturated, connected to a 450 kW back pressure turbine and heat exchanger [36]. Electricity produces use for their owned consumption. Other example of rice husk project cogeneration that connected to system grid is installed at Titi Serong Rice Mill [37]. In Malaysia, the annual production of sugarcane bagasse reaches a number of million tonnes [38]. Nearly 30% of that number will turn into bagasse when it is crushed in a sugar factory [39]. Sugarcane baggase is the fibrous waste that remains after recovery of sugar juice via crushing and extraction. A ton of bagasse (50% mill-wet basis) is equal to 1.6 barrels of fuel oil on energy basis. The total of sugarcane energy content on dry basis, excluding ash (around 2-3% of weight) can be divided into three main parts. Malaysia produces 274,620 tonnes of sugarcane for 2009, with a moisture content of 50%. This means we can get 150,000 tonnes of dry bagasse annually. The caloric value for dry bagasse comes to be 17.33 MJ/kg, which make to total energy potential of 0.421 million boe per year. At the time, all the bagasse is being used as boiler fuels in sugar mills operating in the country. Most agriculture crops in Malaysia can be used to generate electricity. If all crops are fully utilize can help reduce the dependency on fossil fuel sources. Conclusion Biomass could be Remarkable as a stable and suitable replacement for fossil energy in Malaysia that cover appropriates 76% of land by thick and compact kind of tropical agricultural and forest. Currently, high motivation of biomass consumption in order to generate energy, sustainability of bio-sources, economic impact and environmental aspects are considered. Therefore, improving technologies related to bio-power and bio-fuel is continued. Recycling and using residues of forest and agriculture are valued in order to convert to useful energy and by product. Establishing biomass projects such as CDM by Malaysian Government is prominent in order to allocate subsidy to this kind of projects. Allocated subsidy is one common way of support biomass project. However, still there are many obstacles such as , knowledge development of biomass in Malaysia, risky situation for applying new technology, cost-benefit with financial indicators in comparison with conventional energy, energy demand in market place, speed of commercialization, feasibility of knowledge transferring, and the policies of government still are not successful to persuade and encourage industries to use biomass and efficient communication and negotiation with suitable strategy including integration, alignment and balancing situation between government and industries concern based on win-win is considered. Outlook of using biomass depends on the total cost of producing biomass energy in compared with fossil fuels. Using biomass instead of fossil energy with the decreasing cost of biomass is achievable and it can respect to environment.

U.S. Russia Relations :: essays research papers

Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a well, educated population, and diverse industrial base, continues to experience, formidable difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President Yeltsin's government has made substantial strides in converting to a market economy since launching its economic reform program in January 1992 by freeing nearly all prices, slashing defense spending, eliminating the old centralized distribution system, completing an ambitious voucher privatization program, establishing private financial institutions, and decentralizing trade. Russia, however, has made little progress in a number of key areas that are needed to provide a solid foundation for the transition to a market economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russia, spanning 11 time zones and serving as home to about 150 million people, possesses tremendous natural and human resources. Demand today for imported consumer goods, capital equipment, and services remains remarkably strong, with imports representing an unusually large percentage of the national market. Despite outstanding long-term market potential, Russia continues to be an extremely difficult country in which to do business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Russian Federation continues to pursue a program of dramatic economic, political and social transformation. Despite President Yeltsin's successful re-election campaign, continued economic reform remains subject to the influence of the communist controlled State Duma (the Russian parliament). Even the most optimistic scenarios envision a protracted process as Russia continues the task of fashioning a legal foundation for commerce, rationalizing the regulatory and taxation regimes with which businesses must comply, and completing the task of creating from scratch a highly effective and consistent customs administration. The duration and final outcome of this process are still uncertain. Consequently, Russia offers U.S. business both high risk, and potentially high rewards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russian firms and customers admire U.S. technology and know-how, and generally are interested in doing business with U.S. companies. At the same time, there is a tendency in some quarters to suppose that the U.S. is responsible for the changes which have occurred in Russia, especially those which have caused most hardship to individuals and to industry. This sentiment has attracted the support of some political leaders, and in given credence by a significant proportion of the populace. At the same time, a strong U.S. commercial presence is viewed in the Russian Far East as a counterbalance to other regional economic powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Western products and services are in demand in Russia. Of particular interest are:  · consumer goods, including poultry and meats, paper industrial chemicals,

My ordinal day at college Essay

My ordinal day at college is an grave event of my existence. To me it is an memorable day. During my education days I had a looking of college lifespan from my beverage brothers and sisters. I was most peculiarly waiting the day when I would begin my college spirit. I mentation that the college sprightliness would request me a issue being; here restrictions would be few and threat of teachers would be soft. At inalterable the longed for day came in. I was admitted to the Government College of my city. I entered the college premises with new hopes and aspirations. I was glad to see that the college presented a new grasp. It was quite diametric from what I had seen in and around our schooltime. I came crossways galore dishonorable faces. I had whatever real fantastical experiences on the forward day of my college brio. I was befuddled to see students activity inside and exterior games and enjoying receiver programmes during class-hours. There is no regulating of homogenous. I observed that the students are unloosen in their movements. They can do things according to their pick. I institute all the new admitted students in squealing intoxicant. They were all joyful to straighten Mends. I emotional say the college. I was rattling some delighted to see the noble depository of the college where I could find books on real field. The college laboratory overexcited my wonder on the really basic day and I got raring to accomplish experiments there. I noted pile the time-table of’ my categorise from the note {school. Apiece dominate is taught by a special educator. Questions are not asked in the classes. Professors do not reproval the students if they miscarry to, inform their lessons. They but verify the students to be sentient of their responsibilities. The students judge here a homey atmosphere which they need n the refine. For this, they reason painless and prosperous here. Read more: Essay On MY FIRST DAY AT COLLEGE Full Essay http://www.friendsmania.net/forum/essay-writing-notes-applications-letters/251688.htm#ixzz37JQ6CozN http://sekho.com.pk/educational-articles/my-first-day-at-college/ http://ue.edu.pk/fee_schedule.asp

Debate on Insane in Prison essays

Debate on Insane in Prison essays According to the Washington Post in December of 2001, The number of people with serious mental illness in Americas jails and prisons today is five times greater than the number in state mental hospitals. Prisons, as an observer, of similar trends in Australia have noted, the new asylums of the 21st century. The criminalization of the mentally ill is inhumane. It is also emotionally and financially costly, and a testament to government failures at all levels." Less and less treatment is given to inmates of whom are in need while each year, the cost to house, feed, and clothe these inmates goes up in the mal-funded institutions due to the lack of funding and care at federal, state, and local levels. With the lack of funding, treatment, staffing, and care at all governmental levels my partner and I stand resolved that the United States federal government should substantially increase public health services for mental health in the United States. United States: The 48 contiguous states, Hawaii, and Alaska. Federal Government: The United States ruling body based in Washington D.C Substantially increase: To enlarge to a great extent or expand the amount of Public health: The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, providing psychological treatment, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards. Mental health: A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Prison: A place or condition of confinement or forcible restraint According to Sibulkin Kiesler of the center for Mental Health Services, since 1950, the number of psychiatric hospital patients has declined from 592,853 to 71,619 in 1994. In ...

Cancelación de visa por quedarse en EE.UU. más tiempo

Cancelacià ³n de visa por quedarse en EE.UU. ms tiempo Una de las formas ms frecuentes de  revocacià ³n o  cancelacià ³n una visa americana ocurre cuando un extranjero ingresa a Estados Unidos con una visa no inmigrante y prolonga su estancia ms all del tiempo de lo permitido. Asimismo, los turistas de paà ­ses incluidos en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados,–entre ellos Chile y Espaà ±a– y bajo el cual sus ciudadanos pueden ingresar a EE.UU. sin visa por un tiempo mximo de 90 dà ­as, pierden este privilegio si exceden su estadà ­a ms all de esos tres meses. Revocacià ³n visa por estancia ilegal en EE.UU. La presencia en EE.UU. ms all del tiempo permitido provoca cancelacià ³n/revocacià ³n visa. Adems, los turistas que ingresaron sin visa pierden ese derecho.Otras consecuencias:posible expulsià ³n o deportacià ³nimposibilidad de solicitar cambio visa o extensià ³nse limitan los caminos para regular la situacià ³ncastigo de 3 o 10 aà ±os, una vez que se est fuera de EE.UU.dificultad para volver a obtener una visa americanaSegà ºn datos del Departamento de Seguridad Interna, segà ºn datos de 2017, à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal disponible, se quedaron en EE.UU. ms all del tiempo autorizado:el 0,51% de turistas que ingresaron sin visa por el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visadosel 1,91% de extranjeros que ingresaron sin visael 4,15% de extranjeros que ingresaron con visa de estudiante F-1 Consecuencias por  permanecer ilegalmente en Estados Unidos   El tiempo que un extranjero no inmigrante puede permanecer legalmente en Estados Unidos y su periodo de gracia, cuando lo hay, est determinado por el tipo de visa que utiliza para ingresar. En el caso de los turistas con una B1/B2 el tiempo mximo de estancia est determinado en el I-94, registro de ingreso y de salida. En estos casos no hay periodo de gracia pero podrà ­a calificarse para solicitar una extensià ³n o, incluso, un cambio de visa. Pero si no se sale a tiempo la visa es cancelada. Por otra parte, en el caso de un turista internacional que ingresa a EE.UU. sin visa por ser de un paà ­s en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas el plazo mximo de estancia es de 90 dà ­as. No es posible ni pedir extensià ³n, ni cambio a otra visa. Tampoco aplica ningà ºn periodo de gracia. Una vez transcurrido el plazo que corresponde a cada persona segà ºn su tipo de visa, el extranjero se convierte en indocumentado si permanece en Estados Unidos. Es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como visa overstay. Consecuentemente, podrà ­a ser expulsado o deportado, dependiendo de las circunstancias de cada caso. Sin embargo, existen excepciones como, por ejemplo, iniciar un trmite para ajuste de estatus o haber solicitado a tiempo una extensià ³n o un cambio de visa.   Adems de la consecuencia de la posible deportacià ³n, hay otras que deben ser tenidos en cuenta. En primer lugar, una vez que la visa se convierte en no vlida por haber abusado del tiempo permitido para permanecer en Estados Unidos ya no es posible pedir con à ©xito una extensià ³n de la misma o el cambio a otra   Adems, es muy importante que si se est en situacià ³n de indocumentado se cierran en la prctica muchas puertas a la posibilidad de obtener la tarjeta de residencia. La razà ³n es que no siempre es posible realizar lo que se conoce como un ajuste de estatus.   Por ejemplo, Antonio Alonso ingresà ³ a Estados Unidos con una visa de turista y se quedà ³ 15 meses ms all de la fecha autorizada. Despuà ©s se casa con Pili Pà ©rez, una residente permanente que lo pide como esposo. Al principio las cosas van bien porque el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a aprueba la peticià ³n de familiar realizada con el formulario I-130. Pero despuà ©s la dura realidad se impone. Antonio no puede ajustar su estatus y tiene que salir de los Estados Unidos para completar el proceso en un consulado. Y allà ­ se encuentra con la negacià ³n de la peticià ³n de la green card y que tiene un castigo de 10 aà ±os por haber estado ilegalmente en los Estados Unidos. La situacià ³n serà ­a diferente si Pili Pà ©rez fuera una ciudadana estadounidense en vez de una residente permanente. Cabe destacar que la situacià ³n de indocumentado limita las posibilidades para regularizarse al impedir en muchos casos el ajuste de estatus. Por eso, si se tiene ese estatus es muy importante informarse muy bien sobre si para el caso particular que le afecta a uno es posible arreglar los papeles sin salir de Estados Unidos o no.  ¿Quà © sucede cuando se sale de EE.UU. pero se ha estado ilegalmente en el paà ­s? En este caso hay que distinguir dos situaciones: En primer lugar, cuando se ha estado en situacià ³n irregular en Estados Unidos por un total de menos de 180 dà ­as. En este caso es posible pedir inmediatamente una nueva visa. Pero hay que tener en cuenta que el consulado puede negarla muy fcilmente por considerar al solicitante como inelegible. Y eso es porque una de las razones por las que se puede decir no cuando se pide una visa es que el oficial consular crea que el solicitante tiene intencià ³n de quedarse en Estados Unidos.  Si ya lo hizo una vez,  ¿por quà © no va a volver a hacerlo? Por eso que no es tan fcil volver a sacar la visa. Pero desde luego que no es imposible ya que la estancia alargada fuera de plazo pudo deberse a una situacià ³n razonable que se puede probar, como por ejemplo, haber estado hospitalizado.   Tambià ©n puede ser que hayan transcurrido ya muchos aà ±os y la situacià ³n actual del solicitante, muy asentado en su lugar de residencia, permita suponer que de esta vez no se va a quedar en los Estados Unidos ni un sà ³lo dà ­a ms del autorizado. Subrayar que de acuerdo a la ley, cualquier oficial consular puede denegar una visa basndose en sospecha. No necesita probar nada. Es el solicitante el que debe probar ms all de toda duda que va a cumplir las leyes migratorias. En segundo lugar, si se ha estado sin autorizacià ³n en Estados Unidos por ms de 180 dà ­as aplica el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os, si bien hay algunas excepciones. Este castigo implica que mientas se est cumpliendo una persona se convierte en inadmisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos. En otras palabras, mientras no cumpla su tiempo de castigo no puede pedir una visa y, si lo hace, ser negada. Sin embargo, en algunos casos extraordinarios es posible solicitar un permiso, que tambià ©n se conoce como waiver or perdà ³n y asà ­ se podrà ­a solicitar la visa antes de que transcurra todo el tiempo de castigo. Las condiciones para solicitarlo son diferentes segà ºn se quiera obtener una visa no inmigrante, por ejemplo la de turista, o una de inmigrante para obtener la green card, por ejemplo, en el caso de peticià ³n por parte de un familiar. En todos estos casos lo recomendable es consultar con un abogado migratorio reputado. No es fcil obtener un waiver y, ni siquiera es posible sacarlo segà ºn como sea el caso.   Finalmente, si se ha cumplido el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os, es posible ya solicitar una visa no inmigrante o de inmigrante porque ha desaparecido la causa que convertà ­a al extranjero en inadmisible.   Sin embargo, tener en cuenta que para el caso de visa no inmigrante todavà ­a es posible que el cà ³nsul la niegue, precisamente alegando que se es inelegible. Es muy importe en estos casos poder demostrar que no se tiene ninguna intencià ³n de quedarse en los Estados Unidos ms tiempo del permitido y de que se tienen lazos econà ³micos y familiares fuertes en el lugar de residencia.  ¿Cà ³mo se notifica la cancelacià ³n de la visa? La cancelacià ³n de la visa se produce automticamente. Las autoridades estadounidenses no tienen obligacià ³n de comunicarlo. Lo mismo sucede con los nacionales de los paà ­ses del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas. Pierden automticamente el derecho a ingresar a EE.UU. sin un visado, no siendo necesaria la comunicacià ³n a la persona interesada. Consejos para evitar tener problemas con las visas americanas La visa que mayores problemas causa es la de turista. Para evitarlos es conveniente tomar este test sobre cà ³mo obtenerla y conservarla. Adems, no conviene abusar de las frecuencias de los ingresos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.